<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>AFGH&#256N-SIKH RELATIONS</TITLE>਍㰀猀琀礀氀攀 琀礀瀀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀⼀挀猀猀∀㸀ഀഀ
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</style><META http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"></HEAD>਍㰀䈀伀䐀夀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䈀伀䐀夀∀ 漀渀挀漀渀琀攀砀琀洀攀渀甀㴀∀爀攀琀甀爀渀 昀愀氀猀攀∀ 漀渀搀爀愀最猀琀愀爀琀㴀∀爀攀琀甀爀渀 昀愀氀猀攀∀ 漀渀猀攀氀攀挀琀猀琀愀爀琀㴀∀爀攀琀甀爀渀 昀愀氀猀攀∀㸀ഀഀ
<FONT ALIGN="JUSTIFY" FACE="Tahoma">਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀⌀㘀㔀㈀㜀㤀䄀䘀㰀甀㸀䜀䠀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㘀一ⴀ匀䤀䬀䠀 刀䔀䰀䄀吀䤀伀一匀 猀瀀愀渀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀猀 ㄀㜀㐀㠀 琀漀 ㄀㠀㐀㤀 最漀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 椀渀瘀愀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 䤀渀搀椀愀 戀礀 䄀栀洀愀搀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 䐀甀爀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀Ⰰ 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 栀攀 洀甀猀琀 栀愀瘀攀 栀攀愀爀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 眀栀攀渀 椀渀 ㄀㜀㌀㤀 栀攀 愀挀挀漀洀瀀愀渀椀攀搀 一☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀椀爀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䤀爀愀渀椀愀渀 椀渀瘀愀搀攀爀Ⰰ 愀猀 愀 礀漀甀渀最 猀琀愀昀昀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀⸀ 䠀愀瘀椀渀最 漀挀挀甀瀀椀攀搀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 愀昀琀攀爀 愀 洀椀渀漀爀 攀渀最愀最攀洀攀渀琀 昀漀甀最栀琀 漀渀 ㄀㄀ 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 ㄀㜀㐀㠀 搀甀爀椀渀最 栀椀猀 昀椀爀猀琀 椀渀瘀愀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 䤀渀搀椀愀Ⰰ 䄀栀洀愀搀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀搀 琀漀眀愀爀搀猀 匀椀爀栀椀渀搀 琀漀 洀攀攀琀 愀 䴀甀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀愀氀 愀爀洀礀 眀栀椀挀栀 栀攀 眀愀猀 椀渀昀漀爀洀攀搀 眀愀猀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 䐀攀氀栀椀 琀漀 漀瀀瀀漀猀攀 栀椀洀⸀ 伀渀 琀栀攀 眀愀礀 栀攀 栀愀搀 琀眀漀 猀氀椀最栀琀 猀欀椀爀洀椀猀栀攀猀 愀琀 匀愀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀椀 一☀⌀㌀㘀㌀爀 䐀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀渀 愀渀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 嘀愀椀爀漀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 昀攀爀爀礀Ⰰ 戀漀琀栀 椀渀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀ⴀ搀愀礀 䄀洀爀椀琀猀愀爀 搀椀猀琀爀椀挀琀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 愀 匀椀欀栀 㰀椀㸀樀愀琀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 昀椀最栀琀椀渀最 戀愀渀搀 甀渀搀攀爀 䨀愀猀猀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 ☀⌀㈀㔀㘀栀氀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀⸀ 圀栀椀氀攀 氀礀椀渀最 椀渀 眀愀椀琀 愀琀 匀椀爀栀椀渀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 ㈀ 愀渀搀 ㄀㄀ 䴀愀爀挀栀 ㄀㜀㐀㠀 昀漀爀 愀 䴀甀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀愀氀 昀漀爀挀攀Ⰰ ☀⌀㈀㔀㘀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 氀攀愀搀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀欀栀猀Ⰰ 挀甀琀 漀昀昀 栀椀猀 猀甀瀀瀀氀椀攀猀 漀昀 昀漀漀搀 愀渀搀 昀漀搀搀攀爀⸀ 䄀栀洀愀搀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀Ⰰ 搀攀昀攀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 䴀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀瀀甀爀 昀漀甀最栀琀 漀渀 ㄀㄀ 䴀愀爀挀栀Ⰰ 爀攀琀爀愀挀攀搀 栀椀猀 猀琀攀瀀猀 栀漀洀攀眀愀爀搀猀⸀ 匀椀欀栀猀 栀愀爀愀猀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀琀爀攀愀琀椀渀最 椀渀瘀愀搀攀爀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 匀甀琀氀攀樀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䌀栀攀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀Ⰰ 䌀栀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀㄀栀愀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 匀甀欀欀愀爀挀栀愀欀欀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 栀椀洀 攀瘀攀渀 甀瀀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䤀渀搀甀猀Ⰰ 爀攀氀椀攀瘀椀渀最 栀椀洀 漀昀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 眀攀愀瀀漀渀猀Ⰰ 栀漀爀猀攀猀 愀渀搀 挀愀洀攀氀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ahmad Sh&#257h's subsequent invasions in a way helped the Sikhs to increase and consolidate their power. Anticipating a second invasion towards the close of 1748, the new Mu<u>gh</u>al governor of the Punjab, M&#299r Mu'&#299n ul-Mulk (M&#299r Mann&#363, in shortened form in Sikh chronicles), tried to conciliate Sikhs through his minister, D&#299w&#257n Kau&#7771&#257 Mall, and granted them one-fourth of the revenue of the <i>parganah</i> of Pa&#7789&#7789&#299, but the truce did not last long and during the second Durr&#257n&#299 invasion (December 1749-February 1750), the Sikhs made bold to enter and plunder Lahore itself. During Ahmad Sh&#257h's next invasion (December 1751-March 1752), Kau&#7771&#257 Mall again enlisted the help of several thousand Sikh warriors under the command of Sa&#7749gat Si&#7749gh and Sukkh&#257 Si&#7749gh of M&#257&#7771&#299 Kambo. The latter was killed in a sudden skirmish with the invaders. As a result of this invasion the provinces of Lahore and Mult&#257n were annexed to the Af<u>gh</u>&#257n empire, although M&#299r Mann&#363 remained governor of these provinces on Ahmad Sh&#257h Durr&#257n&#299's behalf. This meant that Sikhs had now to contend with Af<u>gh</u>&#257ns as well as with Mu<u>gh</u>als. The disorder which overtook the Punjab following the death of M&#299r Mann&#363 in November 1753 opened the way for them to establish their sway over vast tracts in the form of <i>r&#257kh&#299</i> (q. v.) system under which local populations sought their protection on payment of a portion of their land revenue. During his fourth invasion (November 1756-April 1757), the Af<u>gh</u>&#257n invader had reached as far as the Mu<u>gh</u>al capital, Delhi. The Sikhs preyed upon him during his onward march and, when his son Prince Taim&#363r was transporting the plundered wealth of Delhi to Lahore, &#256l&#257 Si&#7749gh in concert with other Sikh <i>sard&#257rs</i> barred his path at Sanaur, near Pa&#7789iala, and robbed him of his treasures, and again attacked and plundered him at Malerko&#7789l&#257. Prince Taim&#363r gave vent to his chagrin by destroying Sikh shrines at Kart&#257rpur, 15 km northwest of Jalandhar, and subjecting its residents to indiscriminate massacre and plunder. Ahmad Sh&#257h, during his brief stay at Lahore, sent out troops who sacked Amritsar and desecrated the sacred pool, besides killing a large number of Sikhs. He left his son Taim&#363r and his general Jah&#257n <u>Kh</u>&#257n in charge of the Punjab and himself retired to Afghanistan. The two deputies were expelled from Punjab by Sikhs in 1758 with the help of the Mar&#257&#7789h&#257s and of &#256d&#299n&#257 Beg <u>Kh</u>&#257n, who was rewarded with the governorship of the province.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䐀甀爀椀渀最 䄀栀洀愀搀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀✀猀 昀椀昀琀栀 椀渀瘀愀猀椀漀渀 ⠀伀挀琀漀戀攀爀 ㄀㜀㔀㤀ⴀ䴀愀礀 ㄀㜀㘀㄀⤀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 䴀愀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀 爀攀琀椀爀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 爀攀猀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 最愀瘀攀 愀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 椀渀瘀愀搀攀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀攀椀最栀戀漀甀爀栀漀漀搀 漀昀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 䄀昀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 氀漀猀琀 愀猀 洀愀渀礀 愀猀 ㈀Ⰰ 　　　 洀攀渀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀椀爀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 䨀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 眀漀甀渀搀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 䴀愀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀✀猀 搀爀攀愀洀 漀昀 猀甀瀀爀攀洀愀挀礀 椀渀 渀漀爀琀栀 䤀渀搀椀愀 眀愀猀 猀栀愀琀琀攀爀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀栀椀爀搀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 倀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀瀀愀琀 ⠀㄀㐀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 ㄀㜀㘀㄀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 栀愀渀搀 眀攀爀攀 攀洀戀漀氀搀攀渀攀搀 琀漀 爀愀椀搀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 椀渀 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㜀㘀　⸀ 吀栀攀礀 猀琀愀礀攀搀 琀栀攀爀攀 昀漀爀 攀氀攀瘀攀渀 搀愀礀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䄀昀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 搀攀瀀甀琀礀 愀瀀瀀攀愀猀攀搀 琀栀攀洀 眀椀琀栀 愀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀 漀昀 刀猀 ㌀　Ⰰ 　　　 昀漀爀 猀愀挀爀愀洀攀渀琀愀氀 㰀椀㸀欀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀㄀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀瀀爀愀猀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 栀愀爀愀猀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 䄀昀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 挀栀椀攀昀 漀昀 䌀栀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀 䴀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 愀渀搀 猀愀挀欀攀搀 䨀愀氀愀渀搀栀愀爀Ⰰ 匀椀爀栀椀渀搀 愀渀搀 䴀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀攀爀欀漀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀⸀ 䤀渀 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㜀㘀㄀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀搀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 愀渀搀 猀琀爀甀挀欀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀眀渀 挀漀椀渀⸀ 䄀栀洀愀搀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀Ⰰ 漀渀 栀攀愀爀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀猀Ⰰ 栀甀爀爀椀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 爀攀氀椀攀昀 漀昀 栀椀猀 搀攀瀀甀琀椀攀猀⸀ 匀椀欀栀猀 爀攀琀爀攀愀琀攀搀 愀猀 栀攀 洀愀爀挀栀攀搀 甀瀀漀渀 琀栀攀洀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 眀攀爀攀 漀瘀攀爀琀愀欀攀渀 渀攀愀爀 䬀甀瀀 愀渀搀 刀愀栀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀㄀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 瘀椀氀氀愀最攀猀Ⰰ 渀攀愀爀 䴀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀攀爀欀漀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀Ⰰ 漀渀 琀栀攀 洀漀爀渀椀渀最 漀昀 㔀 䘀攀戀爀甀愀爀礀 ㄀㜀㘀㈀⸀ 䄀戀漀甀琀 ㈀㔀Ⰰ 　　　 匀椀欀栀猀 眀攀爀攀 欀椀氀氀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀愀礀ⴀ氀漀渀最 戀愀琀琀氀攀 欀渀漀眀渀 椀渀 匀椀欀栀 愀渀渀愀氀猀 愀猀 嘀愀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 䜀栀愀氀氀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀最栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 漀爀 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀琀 栀漀氀漀挀愀甀猀琀⸀ 伀渀 栀椀猀 爀攀琀甀爀渀 栀攀 戀氀攀眀 甀瀀 琀栀攀 栀漀氀礀 䠀愀爀椀洀愀渀搀愀爀 愀琀 䄀洀爀椀琀猀愀爀 眀椀琀栀 最甀渀瀀漀眀搀攀爀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 爀攀琀愀氀椀愀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 愀琀琀愀挀欀猀 漀渀 匀椀爀栀椀渀搀 椀渀 䴀愀礀 ㄀㜀㘀㈀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 昀爀攀攀氀礀 爀漀愀洀攀搀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 搀甀爀椀渀最 䨀甀氀礀ⴀ䄀甀最甀猀琀 ㄀㜀㘀㈀ 愀渀搀 挀攀氀攀戀爀愀琀攀搀 䐀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 愀琀 䄀洀爀椀琀猀愀爀 椀渀 搀攀昀椀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 眀栀漀 眀愀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After the departure of the Durr&#257n&#299 in December 1762, Sikhs sacked the Af<u>gh</u>&#257n principality of Kas&#363r in May 1763, overran Jalandhar Do&#257b during June, defeated in November near Waz&#299r&#257b&#257d an expeditionary force sent by Ahmad Sh&#257h and invested M&#257lerko&#7789l&#257, killing its Af<u>gh</u>&#257n chief, Bh&#299khan <u>Kh</u>&#257n (December 1763). They followed these successes with the reduction of Mori&#7751&#7693&#257 and Sirhind in January 1764. Zain <u>Kh</u>&#257n, the <i>faujd&#257r</i> or governor of Sirhind, was killed, and the territories of Sirhind <i>sark&#257r</i> or district were appropriated by various Sikh <i>misls</i> or chiefships. The Dal <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 J&#299o, as the, confederated force was called, then fell upon the territories of Naj&#299b ud-Daulah, a powerful Ruh&#299l&#257 Af<u>gh</u>&#257n chief and Ahmad Sh&#257h Durr&#257n&#299's regent in India. Ransacking Sah&#257ranpur on 20 February 1764, they pushed on seizing Sh&#257ml&#299, K&#257ndhl&#257, Muzaffarnagar, Mor&#257d&#257b&#257d, Naj&#299b&#257b&#257d and several other towns. Naj&#299b ud-Daulah, unable to meet the Sikhs in battle, paid them Rs 11, 00, 000, inducing them to return to Punjab by the end of February 1764. While the Bu&#7693&#7693h&#257 Dal, a division of the Dal <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 under Jass&#257 Si&#7749gh &#256hl&#363v&#257l&#299&#257, was thus engaged in the Gangetic Do&#257b, its younger counterpart, the Taru&#7751&#257 Dal, was active in the central and western Punjab. Lahore was attacked in February 1764 and its governor, K&#257bul&#299 Mall, saved it from plunder only by paying a large sum to the Sikhs, by accepting a nominee of Har&#299 Si&#7749gh of the Bha&#7749g&#299<i>misl</i> as a resident at his court and allowing an agent of Sobh&#257 Si&#7749gh of the Kanha&#299y&#257 <i>misl</i> to receive customs duty on all goods coming from the side of Mult&#257n. During April-June 1764, the Bha&#7749g&#299 and Naka&#299 <i>sard&#257rs</i> captured the Lamm&#257 country lying between Lahore and Mult&#257n, and Cha&#7771hat Si&#7749gh Sukkarchakk&#299&#257 took Roht&#257s in the north. Ahmad Sh&#257h Durr&#257n&#299 came out again, in December 1764, but harassed by Sikhs, he was forced to return homewards without reaching Delhi. On his way back, realizing the futility of appointing his own governors in the Punjab, he recognized &#256l&#257 Si&#7749gh of Pa&#7789i&#257l&#257 as the ruling chief in Sirhind territory and bestowed upon him the title of R&#257j&#257, with <i>tabl-o-'alum</i> (drum and banner). He, however, sent back K&#257bul&#299 Mall to resume governorship of Lahore, but before the latter could reach the city, the Sikhs had occupied it (17 April 1765). Ahmad Sh&#257h made yet another (his last) bid to regain Punjab and Delhi during the winter of 1766-67, but failed. He died at Qandah&#257r on 23 October 1772.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䄀栀洀愀搀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀✀猀 猀漀渀 愀渀搀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀漀爀Ⰰ 吀愀椀洀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀爀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 ⠀㄀㜀㐀㘀ⴀ㤀㌀⤀Ⰰ 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀攀搀 昀椀瘀攀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀椀瘀攀 椀渀挀甀爀猀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 挀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 爀攀愀挀栀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀⸀ 䠀椀猀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀漀爀Ⰰ 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 娀愀洀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀Ⰰ 愀氀猀漀 洀愀搀攀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀猀 琀漀 爀攀最愀椀渀 愀 昀漀漀琀栀漀氀搀 椀渀 䤀渀搀椀愀 愀渀搀 搀椀搀 攀渀琀攀爀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 琀眀椀挀攀 ⠀䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 ㄀㜀㤀㜀㬀 䐀攀挀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㜀㤀㠀⤀ 戀甀琀 眀愀猀 昀漀爀挀攀搀 琀漀 攀瘀愀挀甀愀琀攀 椀琀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 愀 昀攀眀 眀攀攀欀猀 漀渀 攀愀挀栀 漀挀挀愀猀椀漀渀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh, the chief of the Sukkarchakk&#299&#257 <i>misl</i> of the Dal <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 was destined finally to clear Punjab of the Af<u>gh</u>&#257ns. He became master of Lahore on 7 July 1799. The provinces of Kashm&#299r and Mult&#257n were still ruled by Af<u>gh</u>&#257n satraps and Pesh&#257war across the Indus was directly under K&#257bul which, however, was weakened by internal dissensions. Sh&#257h Zam&#257n was deposed and blinded in 1800 and the throne was seized by his brother, Mahm&#363d Sh&#257h, with the help of a B&#257rakza&#299 chief, Fateh <u>Kh</u>&#257n who emerged as the king maker. In 1803, Fateh <u>Kh</u>&#257n discarded Mahm&#363d in favour of Shuj&#257' ul-Mulk, better known as Sh&#257h Shuj&#257', another brother of Sh&#257h Zam&#257n, but in 1809 Mahm&#363d was reinstated and Sh&#257h Shuj&#257' shifted to Pesh&#257war. The latter met Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh at Khush&#257b in 1810 in the hope of obtaining Sikh help. He tried to recover his kingdom with the help of 'At&#257 Muhammad <u>Kh</u>&#257n, governor of Kashm&#299r, who had not accepted the authority of Waz&#299r Fateh <u>Kh</u>&#257n and had been ruling the province independently since 1809. The attempt failed and ended in Sh&#257h Shuj&#257' taken captive in Kashm&#299r and his family including the ill-fated Sh&#257h Zam&#257n seeking refuge in Lahore. Waf&#257 Begam, the senior wife of Sh&#257h Shuj&#257', approached Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh through his trusted courtiers, D&#299w&#257n Mohkam Chand and Faqir 'Az&#299z ud-D&#299n, to have her husband rescued from Kashm&#299r. Waz&#299r Fateh <u>Kh</u>&#257n also solicited the Mah&#257r&#257j&#257's aid in the reduction of Kashm&#299r promising him one-third of the spoils. The joint expedition launched in 1812 was not a complete success. Fateh <u>Kh</u>&#257n refused to part with the promised share of the booty, but the Sikh general Mohkam Chand succeeded in bringing Sh&#257h Shuj&#257' to Lahore and Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh acquired the coveted diamond, Koh-i-N&#363r. Kashm&#299r too was conquered and annexed to the Sikh kingdom in 1819.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䴀甀氀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 爀攀琀愀欀攀渀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 戀礀 吀愀椀洀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀爀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 椀渀 ㄀㜀㠀　 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 瀀氀愀挀攀搀 甀渀搀攀爀 栀椀猀 渀攀瀀栀攀眀 一愀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀 䴀甀稀愀昀昀愀爀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀⸀ 刀攀瀀攀愀琀攀搀 攀砀瀀攀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 猀攀渀琀 戀礀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 栀椀洀 ⠀椀渀 ㄀㠀　㈀Ⰰ ㄀㠀　㔀Ⰰ ㄀㠀　㜀Ⰰ ㄀㠀㄀　Ⰰ ㄀㠀㄀㈀ 愀渀搀 ㄀㠀㄀㔀⤀ 栀愀搀 瀀爀漀瘀攀搀 愀戀漀爀琀椀瘀攀⸀ 䴀甀氀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 甀氀琀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 昀攀氀氀 琀漀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 椀渀 䨀甀渀攀 ㄀㠀㄀㠀⸀ 伀渀 ㄀㤀 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀愀琀 礀攀愀爀Ⰰ 䴀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 攀渀琀攀爀攀搀 倀攀猀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀眀愀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 攀愀猀琀攀爀渀 挀椀琀愀搀攀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀甀氀攀爀猀 漀昀 䬀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀甀氀⸀ 圀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀焀甀攀猀琀 漀昀  ☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㈀攀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 㰀甀㸀䜀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀稀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 椀渀 ㄀㠀㈀　 愀渀搀  ☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㈀攀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 䤀猀洀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀✀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀氀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 椀渀 ㄀㠀㈀㄀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀爀漀渀琀椀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 欀椀渀最搀漀洀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 瀀甀猀栀攀搀 昀愀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 眀攀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 刀椀瘀攀爀 䤀渀搀甀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 倀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀栀愀渀猀 ⠀䄀昀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀猀⤀ 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀爀漀渀琀椀攀爀 爀攀最椀漀渀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 栀愀搀 渀漀琀 昀甀氀氀礀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀攀搀 匀椀欀栀 愀甀琀栀漀爀椀琀礀⸀ 䤀渀 ㄀㠀㈀㘀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 氀攀愀搀攀爀猀栀椀瀀 漀昀 匀愀礀礀椀搀 䄀栀洀愀搀Ⰰ 愀 圀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 昀愀渀愀琀椀挀Ⰰ 爀漀猀攀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀樀椀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 栀漀氀礀 眀愀爀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀愀洀瀀愀椀最渀Ⰰ 愀 瀀爀漀氀漀渀最攀搀 漀渀攀Ⰰ 挀愀洀攀 琀漀 愀渀 攀渀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀愀礀礀椀搀 椀渀 䴀愀礀 ㄀㠀㌀㄀⸀ 䤀渀 ㄀㠀㌀㔀Ⰰ 䐀漀猀琀 䴀甀栀愀洀洀愀搀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 礀漀甀渀最攀猀琀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 攀渀攀爀最攀琀椀挀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䈀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀愀欀稀愀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 戀爀漀琀栀攀爀猀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 栀愀搀 猀甀瀀瀀氀愀渀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 䐀甀爀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 搀礀渀愀猀琀礀 愀渀搀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 䄀洀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀 ⠀氀漀爀搀Ⰰ 挀栀椀攀昀 漀爀 欀椀渀最⤀ 漀昀 䬀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀甀氀 椀渀 ㄀㠀㈀㔀Ⰰ 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀搀 甀瀀 琀漀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀愀椀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀 倀愀猀猀 琀栀爀攀愀琀攀渀椀渀最 琀漀 爀攀挀漀瘀攀爀 倀攀猀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀眀愀爀⸀ 䤀渀 ㄀㠀㌀㘀 䠀愀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 一愀氀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 眀栀漀 愀氀漀渀最 眀椀琀栀 倀爀椀渀挀攀 一☀⌀㈀㔀㜀甀 一椀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 眀愀猀 最甀愀爀搀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 昀爀漀渀琀椀攀爀Ⰰ 戀甀椀氀琀 愀 挀栀愀椀渀 漀昀 昀漀爀琀猀 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 漀渀攀 愀琀 䨀愀洀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀愀猀琀攀爀渀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀愀椀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀 倀愀猀猀 琀漀 搀攀昀攀渀搀 椀琀⸀ 䐀漀猀琀 䴀甀栀愀洀洀愀搀 攀爀攀挀琀攀搀 愀 昀漀爀琀 愀琀 ✀䄀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䴀愀猀樀椀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 攀渀搀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 戀攀最椀渀渀椀渀最 漀昀 ㄀㠀㌀㜀Ⰰ 愀猀 倀爀椀渀挀攀 一愀渀 一椀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 爀攀琀甀爀渀攀搀 琀漀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 琀漀 最攀琀 洀愀爀爀椀攀搀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䴀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 挀漀甀爀琀 最漀琀 戀甀猀礀 眀椀琀栀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 眀攀搀搀椀渀最Ⰰ 䐀漀猀琀 䴀甀栀愀洀洀愀搀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 猀攀渀琀 愀 ㈀㔀Ⰰ 　　　ⴀ猀琀爀漀渀最 昀漀爀挀攀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 愀 氀愀爀最攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 氀漀挀愀氀 椀爀爀攀最甀氀愀爀猀 愀渀搀 攀焀甀椀瀀瀀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 ㄀㠀 栀攀愀瘀礀 最甀渀猀Ⰰ 琀漀 椀渀瘀攀猀琀 䨀愀洀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 最愀爀爀椀猀漀渀 琀栀攀爀攀 栀愀搀 漀渀氀礀 㘀　　 洀攀渀 愀渀搀 愀 昀攀眀 氀椀最栀琀 愀爀琀椀氀氀攀爀礀 瀀椀攀挀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 䄀昀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀猀 戀攀猀椀攀最攀搀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀琀 愀渀搀 挀甀琀 漀昀昀 椀琀猀 眀愀琀攀爀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 眀栀椀氀攀 愀 搀攀琀愀挀栀洀攀渀琀 眀愀猀 猀攀渀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 渀攀椀最栀戀漀甀爀椀渀最 匀椀欀栀 昀漀爀琀 漀昀 匀栀愀戀焀愀搀愀爀 琀漀 瀀爀攀瘀攀渀琀 愀渀礀 栀攀氀瀀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀愀琀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䴀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 最愀爀爀椀猀漀渀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀爀 漀昀 䨀愀洀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀搀Ⰰ 欀攀瀀琀 琀栀攀 椀渀瘀愀搀攀爀猀 愀琀 戀愀礀 昀漀爀 昀漀甀爀 搀愀礀猀 愀渀搀 洀愀渀愀最攀搀 洀攀愀渀眀栀椀氀攀 琀漀 猀攀渀搀 愀 搀攀猀瀀攀爀愀琀攀 愀瀀瀀攀愀氀 昀漀爀 栀攀氀瀀 琀漀 䠀愀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 一愀氀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 愀琀 倀攀猀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀眀愀爀⸀ 一愀氀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 爀漀猀攀 昀爀漀洀 栀椀猀 猀椀挀欀戀攀搀 愀渀搀 爀甀猀栀攀搀 琀漀 䨀愀洀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀搀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀渀愀氀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 昀漀甀最栀琀 漀渀 ㌀　 䄀瀀爀椀氀 ㄀㠀㌀㜀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䄀昀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 搀爀椀瘀攀渀 愀眀愀礀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 䠀愀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 一愀氀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 眀愀猀 洀漀爀琀愀氀氀礀 眀漀甀渀搀攀搀⸀ 䤀渀 ㄀㠀㌀㠀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 洀漀渀愀爀挀栀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀 瀀愀爀琀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 吀爀椀瀀愀爀琀椀琀攀 吀爀攀愀琀礀 愀猀 愀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 匀栀甀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀✀ 眀愀猀 爀攀椀渀猀琀愀氀氀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 琀栀爀漀渀攀 漀昀 䬀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀甀氀 椀渀 䄀甀最甀猀琀 ㄀㠀㌀㤀 眀椀琀栀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 栀攀氀瀀⸀ 䐀漀猀琀 䴀甀栀愀洀洀愀搀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 眀愀猀 攀砀椀氀攀搀 琀漀 䌀愀氀挀甀琀琀愀 椀渀 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㠀㌀㤀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 眀愀猀 爀攀猀琀漀爀攀搀 琀漀 栀椀猀 昀漀爀洀攀爀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 洀甀爀搀攀爀 漀昀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 匀栀甀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀✀ 椀渀 䄀瀀爀椀氀 ㄀㠀㐀㈀⸀ 䠀攀 琀栀攀爀攀愀昀琀攀爀 洀愀椀渀琀愀椀渀攀搀 挀漀爀搀椀愀氀 爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 䐀愀爀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀椀欀栀 眀愀爀 爀攀愀眀愀欀攀渀攀搀 䐀漀猀琀 䴀甀栀愀洀洀愀搀✀猀 愀洀戀椀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 猀攀椀稀攀 倀攀猀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀眀愀爀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀爀愀渀猀ⴀ䤀渀搀甀猀 琀攀爀爀椀琀漀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 漀瘀攀爀琀氀礀 栀攀 猀礀洀瀀愀琀栀椀稀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 愀渀搀 攀瘀攀渀 栀椀爀攀搀 漀甀琀 愀渀 椀爀爀攀最甀氀愀爀 䄀昀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 挀漀渀琀椀渀最攀渀琀 漀昀 ㄀㔀　　 栀漀爀猀攀 琀漀 䌀栀愀琀愀爀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 氀攀愀搀攀爀 漀昀 匀椀欀栀 爀攀猀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
</font>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䈀䤀䈀∀㸀ഀഀ
BIBLIOGRAPHY<p class="C1"><ol class="C1"><li class="C1"> Shahamat Ali, <i>The Sikhs and Afghans</i>. Patiala, 1970<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䠀愀爀氀愀渀Ⰰ 䨀漀猀椀愀栀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䄀 䴀攀洀漀椀爀 漀昀 䤀渀搀椀愀 愀渀搀 䄀昀最栀愀渀椀猀琀愀渀⸀ 㰀⼀椀㸀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㠀㐀㈀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Burnes, Alexander, <i>Cabool</i>. London, 1843,<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䜀愀渀搀愀 匀椀渀最栀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䄀栀洀愀搀 匀栀愀栀 䐀甀爀爀愀渀椀⸀ 㰀⼀椀㸀 䈀漀洀戀愀礀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㔀㤀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> S&#363r&#299, Sohan L&#257l, <i>'Umd&#257t-ut-Tw&#257r&#299<u>kh</u></i>. Lahore, 1885-89<BR>਍㰀⼀漀氀㸀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀伀一吀∀㸀䈀⸀ 䨀⸀ 䠀愀猀爀愀琀㰀戀爀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
</font>਍㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀挀漀甀渀琀攀爀⸀愀猀瀀砀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀瀀砀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㄀瀀砀∀ 愀氀琀㴀∀∀㸀ഀഀ
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